语言学中同义词的类型有哪些(英语语言学同义词的几种类型)
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语言学概论请举例说明同义词的可以从哪些方面进行辩别
1、辨析同义词，最重要的方法是从语境中去考察，考察它们可能出现的上下文语境，设想替换的可能性。一般来说可能替换的总是显示出同义词中相同的部分，不能替换的往往是差异所在。例如：“商量和商榷”：第一步是把所有包含要辨析词语的例句列出，并进行归类，看看可能用几个义项进行解释。这是辨析同义词的第一步工作。
①这种（商量、商榷）是必要的。
②我们正在进行（商量、商榷）。
③我们正在和他（商量、商榷）。
④办事要有（商量、商榷）。
⑤我们在（商量、商榷）一件事。
⑥我们（商量、商榷）一会儿。
⑦中国历史分期问题尚待（商量、商榷）。
⑧这个观点我认为很值得（商量、商榷）。
第二步工作便是互相替换，看能否在相同的语境中互换。
前①②可以互换，③④⑤⑥只能用商量，⑦⑧只能用商榷。
第三步则是对种种替换情况的分类及其概括说明，指出同义词在哪些方面有差别。“商量、商榷”的共同点：为求得一个共同意向，对问题进行讨论，交换意见。都是动词，都能作谓语谓语中心（②）和某些动词的宾语（④⑦），都能临时活用（①）。但是，“商量”适用于各种情况（①②③④⑤⑥），语体色彩属于通用，商量可带表时间的补语和带宾语（⑤⑥）。商榷多用于意见观点且多指学术问题或较为严肃慎重的重要问题，具有尊敬客气的态度色彩，还有对认为有欠缺错误的意见观点提出讨论的意思，商量没有此意义，商榷不能带表时间的补语和带宾语（⑤⑥）
2、辨析同义词，也可以对一组同义词中较为明显的意义、色彩、用法等异同作直接的简要说明，不详细举例说明。例如：“坚定、坚决”一组：“坚定、坚决”都有意志坚强不屈。但是“坚定”侧重于定，即立场不动摇，“坚决”侧重于决，即态度不犹豫。
3、辨析同义词，还可以从一组同义词的反义词来分析说明，例如：“虚假、虚伪”：都指与实际不符。“虚假”的反义词是“真实”，“虚伪”的反义词是“真诚”。从“真实”和“真诚”的细微差别，可反观得知“虚假”可指人或事，主要用来形容事物和现象的内容和实质；“虚伪”则主要指人，常用来形容人的态度、作风和品质。
英语中同/近义词
兼类词不包括同义词,下面有兼类词和同义词详细的概念和例子.
兼类词
英语中有很多常用词可以用作两种或多种不同的词性，如：about可以用作副词和介词；hard可以用作形容词和副词，这种词叫兼类词。这类词意思也不相同，所以也是多义词。
判断兼类词应注意同一性原则，即将读音相同、意义有联系而分属不同词类的词看作兼类词，否则就是同音词或是词的活用。
1.兼类词除具有相同的语音形式，具备不同词类的语法功能，词汇意义还应相关。同音词是语音形式相同，而意义不相关的词。
2.词的兼类与词的活用不同。词的活用是指出于修辞的需要，临时具备其他词类的语法功能，本身并不具备动词的语法功能，是出于表达上的需要，临时的活用。
兼类词小结
在英语中，某些单词在不同的语言环境中，分别用作不同的词类，词义也不相同，我们把这样的词称之为“兼类词”。现将其类型归纳如下：
一、名词与动词的兼类。例句：
1. Thanks for your help. （n. 帮助）谢谢你的帮助。
Can you help me? （v. 帮助）你能帮助我吗？
2. I have a watch. （n. 手表）我有块手表。
Would you like to watch TV? （v. 观看）你想看电视吗？
3. What colour is that coat? （n. 颜色）那件衣服是什么颜色的？
Colour it green, please. （v. 给……着色）请把它涂成绿色。
4. Don't make a fool of him. （n. 傻瓜）不要愚弄他。
Don't fool with that knife. （v. 瞎弄）不要玩弄那把小刀。
二、名词与形容词的兼类。例句：
1. I have studied English for four years. （n. 英语）我已经学四年英语了。
Is that an English car? （adj.英国的）那是一辆英国小轿车吗？
2. I want an orange. （n. 桔子）我想要一个桔子。
His sweater is orange. （adj. 桔黄色的，橙色的）他的毛衣是桔黄色的。
3. Do you like red? （n.红色）你喜欢红色吗？
I don't like that red dress. （adj.红色的）我不喜欢那件红色连衣裙。
4. We live in peace and quiet. （n.宁静）我们生活在和平宁静之中。
Be quiet, please. （adj.宁静的）请安静。
三、动词与形容词的兼类。例句：
1. Open the window, please. （v. 打开）请打开窗户。
That bank isn't open today. （adj. 开着的）那家银行今天不营业。
2. Are you busying yourself in packing up? （v. 使忙碌）你正忙着整理行装吗？
I am busy now. （adj. 忙的） 我现在很忙。
3. You should slow down your car at the crossing. （v. 放慢）在十字路口，你应该把车速放慢。
My watch is ten minutes slow. （adj. 慢的）我的表慢10分钟。
四、形容词与副词的兼类。例句：
1. I'm sorry I'm late. （adj. 晚的，迟的）对不起，我迟到了。
I often come to school late. （adv. 迟地）我上学经常迟到。
2. This is a wide street. （adj. 宽阔的）这是一条宽阔的街道。
Open your mouth wide, please. （adv. 张得很大地）请把嘴张大。
3. It's too small for me. （adj. 小的）对于我来说，它太小了。
You write so small, I can't read it. （adv. 小地）你写得太小，我无法阅读。
五、形容词与代词兼类。例句：
1. I have some apples. （adj. 一些）我有一些苹果。
Some of us are good at Japanese. （pron. 某些，一部分）我们中有些人善长日语。
2. Where is the other shoe? （adj. 二者之中另一个的）另一只鞋在哪儿？
Some people believe it, others not. （pron. 另外的人）有些人相信它，有些人不信。
3. Have another cup of tea. （adj. 再一个的，又一个的）再喝一杯茶。
I don't like this one, show me another.（pron. 另一个）我不喜欢这个，另给我拿一个。
六、形容词与介词的兼类。例句：
Where is the nearest shop? （adj. 近的）最近的商店在哪儿？
My home is near the school. （prep. 在……附近）我家在学校附近。
发明
瓦特发明了蒸气机。
这两项发明给人们的生活带来很大方便。
题目的要求是：让学生说明这一组句子中的两个“发明”是否相同。我认为它们的意思是不同的，但是其他老师都认为意思相同。请问：应当怎样分析？
答：古代汉语和现代汉语都有词兼类的现象，即：有一些词兼属两类以上的词类，这样的词叫做兼类词。如：
兼属动词和名词：建议代表领导通知总结
兼属名词和形容词：精神困难道德麻烦科学
兼属动词和形容词：端正丰富深入明确讲究
问题中所说的“发明”是兼类词。
“发明”：兼属动词和名词。从以上例句可以看出：动词“发明”能带宾语，可带“了”“过”等时态助词，如“发明了蒸气机”；名词“发明”可作主语（也可以作宾语），可以受数量词修饰，如“这两项发明”。
这道测试题的目的是让学生了解汉语词的兼类现象，要看到两个“发明”的不同点，它们在句子中充当不同的句子成分，属于不同的词类。说两组句子中的两个“发明”“意思不同”或“意思相同”，都有正确的一面，但都不全面。兼类词属于两类以上的词类，词类不同，造句功能不同，但不能说“意思不同”；兼类的词音同形同，词义也密切相关，但不能说“意思相同”。正确的说法应当是：词类不同，词义上有密切的联系。
现有词典，如《现代汉语词典》《辞海》对词的注释，都是只注词义，不注词性，新近出版的《现代汉语规范词典》开始注明词性了。
同义词
1.在数据库中的概念
同义词（synonym）是指向其它数据库表的数据库指针。同义词有两种类型：私有（private）和公共（public）。私有的同义词是在指定的模式中创建并且只创建者使用的模式访问。公共同义词是由public 指定的模式访问，所有数据库模式（用户）都可以访问它。
为了避免用户提交词条名称不同，但词条内容相同的词条，造成重复劳动与资源浪费，百度百科将部分概念基本重合的词条添加为同义词，并以其中较为规范或较为常用的词条作为标准词。如果一个词条被添加为同义词，则：
1）当用户创建这个词条时，显示的词条名为标准词条名。
2）当用户编辑这个词条时，会链接到标准词条的编辑页面。
3）当用户点击这个词条的链接时，会链接到标准词条的浏览页面。
百度百科添加同义词的原则如下：（等号右侧为标准词）
1）人名。
应以此人的姓名全称作为标准词。如果是外国人名，以最通用的中文译名作为标准词，姓名之间的连接符号应该以全角符号·为标准格式。
例如：迈克尔.乔丹/迈克尔-乔丹/乔丹=迈克尔·乔丹
如果人物的笔名、艺名等别称比原名更为人所知，则以别称为标准词。
例如：周树人=鲁迅
2）简称与缩写。
应以全称作为标准词。
例如：非典=非典型性肺炎
3）拼音。
除有特殊含义外，应以汉字格式为标准词。
例如：bao wen bei=保温杯
2.在数据结构中的概念
在哈希函数中，-具有相同的函数值的关键字称为同义词
同义词包括那些类型
同义词分意义相同和意义相近两种。
同义词产生的主要原因：新旧词并存产生的同义词；普通话的词跟方言词构成同义词；外来词和自源词、意译词构成同义词；同一个事物的不同造词理据造出的词构成同义词；客观事物之间的细微差别和交际的特殊需要在词汇中的反映 等义词主要是因取义的角度和情态意味不同而促成的。
英语同义词的种类
我给你我总结的！
看看好了，说到种类那就很多了希望这些可以给你帮助
1. clothes, cloth, clothing
clothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数， cloth指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of
2. incident, accident
incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
amount后接不可数名词， number后接可数名词 a number of students
4. family, house, home
home 家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is a happy one.
5. sound, voice, noise
sound自然界各种各样的声音，voice人的嗓音，noise噪音I hate the loud noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing
photo用照相机拍摄的照片，picture可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing画的画 Let's go and see a good picture.
7. vocabulary, word
vocabulary词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word具体的单词He has a large vocabulary.
8. population, people
population人口，人数，people具体的人 China has a large population.
9. weather, climate
weather一天内具体的天气状况，climate长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.
10. road, street, path, way
road具体的公路，马路，street街道，path小路，小径，way道路，途径
take this road; in the street, show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
course课程（可包括多门科目），subject科目（具体的学科）a summer course
12. custom, habit
custom传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do， habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing. I've got the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
14. exercise, exercises, practice
exercise运动，锻炼（不可数），exercises练习（可数），practice（反复做的）练习 Practice makes perfect.
15. class, lesson
作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6; class 5
16. speech, talk, lecture
speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on…
17. officer, official
officer部队的军官，official政府官员 an army officer
18. work, job
二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数 a good job
19. couple, pair
couple主要指人或动物，pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
20. country, nation, state, land
country侧重指版图，疆域，nation指人民，国民，民族，state侧重指政府，政体，land国土，国家 The whole nation was sad at the news.
21. cook, cooker
cook厨师，cooker厨具 He is a good cook.
22. damage, damages
damage不可数名词, 损害，损失; damages复数形式, 赔偿金 $900 damages
23. police, policeman
police警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning everyone in the house.
24. problem, question
problem常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question常和疑问连系，多和ask, answer连用
25. man, a man
man人类，a man一个男人 Man will conquer nature.
26. chick, chicken
二者均可指小鸡，chicken还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.
27. telegram, telegraph
当电报解时，telegram指具体的，telegraph指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph
28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
travel是最常用的，trip指短期的旅途，journey指稍长的旅途，voyage指海上航行 a three-day trip
29. sport, game
sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等；game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming.
30. price, prize
price价格，prize奖，奖品，奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low.
31. a number of, the number of
a number of许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of…的数目，谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing.
32. in front of, in the front of
in front of范围外的前面，in the front of范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy.
33. of the day, of a day
of the day每一天的，当时的，当代的， of a day暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day
34. three of us, the three of us
three of us我们（不止三个）中的三个，the three of us我们三个（就三个人）The three of us---Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, on the bus
by bus表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus表范围 They went there by bus.
36. for a moment, for the moment
for a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment暂时，一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
37. next year, the next year
next year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语 He said he would go abroad the next year.
38. more than a year, more than one year
more than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年（两年或三年等）
39. take advice, take the(one's) advice
take advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again.
40. take air, take the air
take air传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步 We take the air every day.
41. in a word, in words
in a word总之，一句话， in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
42. in place of, in the place of
in place of代替，in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
43. in secret, in the secret
in secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, one girl
a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?
45. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair相当于sit down坐下，take the chair开始开会
46. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
go to sea当海员，出航，by sea乘船，由海路， by the sea在海边 go by sea
47. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师，the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is
48. in office, in the office
in office在职的，in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.
49. in bed, on the bed
in bed卧在床上，on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.
50. in charge of, in the charge of
in charge of管理，负责照料， in the charge of由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her.
51. in class, in the class
in class在课上，in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class.
52. on fire, on the fire
on fire着火,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
53. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的
54. a second, the second
a second又一，再一，the second第…… He won the second prize.
55. by day, by the day
by day白天，by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.
56. the people, a people
the people指人，a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
57. it, one
it同一物体，one同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
58. that, this
that指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的 I was ill. That's why…
59. none, nothing, no one
none强调有多少，nothing, no one强调有没有，nothing指物，no one指人
--- How many…/How much…? --- None.
60. anyone, any one
anyone指人，不能接of，any one指人物均可，可接of any one of you
61. who, what
who指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.
62. what, which
what的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?
63. other, another
other后接名词复数，another后接名词单数 other students, another student
64. not a little, not a bit
not a little非常，not a bit一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。
65. many, much, a lot of
many和可数名词连用，much和不可数名词连用，a lot of可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句 I haven't many books.
66. much more…than, many more…than
much more…than后接形容词或不可数名词，many more…than后接可数名词 many more people, much more water, much more beautiful
67. no, not
no=not a/any no friend=not a/any friend no water=not any water
68. no more than, not more than
no more than相当于only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过
69. majority, most
majority只能修饰可数名词，most可数不可数均可 the majority of people
70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
by oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，自动的 The door opened of itself.
71. at all, after all
at all根本，全然, after all到底，毕竟 After all he is a child.
72. tall, high
tall常指人或动物，high常指物体 He is tall.
73. fast, quickly
fast侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点，quickly侧重指某事完成或发生的快 run fast, answer the question quickly
74. high, highly
high具体的高，highly抽象的高，高度的 think highly of
75. healthy, healthful
healthy健康的，健壮的，healthful有益于健康的 healthful exercise
76. sleeping, asleep, sleepy
sleeping正在睡觉，asleep睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy困的，有睡意的 a sleeping baby The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy.
77. gold, golden
gold指真金制品，golden指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish a gold ring
78. most, mostly
most用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词，mostly大部分,是副词 most people, the people are mostly…
79. just, very
just表强调时是副词，作状语，very表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man
80. wide, broad
wide侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders
81. real, true
real真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合 real gold, a true story
82. respectful, respectable
respectful尊敬，有礼貌，respectable可敬的，值得尊敬的 be respectful to the aged
83. outwards, outward
二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward还可用作形容词 an outward voyage
84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing
pleasant常用作定语，pleased, pleasing常用作表语，pleased主语常为人，pleasing主语常为物 a pleasant trip The trip is pleasing.
85. understanding, understandable
understanding明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable 可理解的，能够懂的 an understanding girl, an understandable mistake
86. close, closely
close接近，靠近，closely紧紧地，紧密地 closely connected, stand close
87. ill, sick
ill做表语，sick定，表均可 a sick boy
88. good, well
good形容词，well副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
89. quiet, silent, still
quiet安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent不发出声音，但可以动，still完全不动，完全无声响 He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
90. hard, hardly
hard努力，hardly几乎不 work hard I can hardly believe it.
91. able, capable
able与不定式to do连用，capable与of连用 He is capable of doing…
92. almost, nearly
二者均为"几乎,差不多" 和否定词连用用almost almost nobody
93. late, lately
late迟，晚，lately最近，近来 I haven't seen him lately.
94. living, alive, live, lively
living, alive, live均为活着的，living定表均可，alive定表均可，定语后置，live只能做定语，lively意为活波的 all the living people=all the people alive
95. excited, exciting
excited使人兴奋的，exciting令人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting.
96. deep, deeply
deep具体的深，deeply抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep
97. aloud, loud
aloud出声地，loud大声地 read aloud(出声地读)
98. worth, worthy
二者均为值得，worth后接doing，worthy后接to be done, of being done
It is worth visiting. = It's worthy to be visited. = It's worthy of being visited.
99. bad, badly
bad形容词，badly副词，不好，但与need, want, require连用为"很，非常" go bad I need the book badly.
100. before long, long before
before long不久以后，long before很久以前 not long before = before long
101. quite, rather
quite完全地，相当于completely, rather修饰比较级 quite impossible
102. happy, glad
happy高兴，幸福，定表均可，glad高兴，只能做表语 a happy girl
103. instead, instead of
instead是副词，放在句首或句末，instead of是介词短语，放在句中He didn't see a film. Instead he watched TV. He watched TV instead of seeing a film.
104. too much, much too
too much 后接不可数名词，much too后接形容词 much too heavy
105. be about to, be going to, be to do
be about to表最近的将来，后面不接时间状语，be going to 侧重打算，想法，be to do侧重意志，计划，安排I'm to meet him.(含双方事先约好的意思)
106. raise, rise
raise及物动词，rise不及物动词 The sun rises in the east.
107. bring, take, carry, fetch
bring拿来，take带走，carry随身携带，fetch去回这一往返动作 fetch a box of chalk
108. spend, take, pay, cost
spend人做主语，花钱，花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth; take物做主语，花时间; pay人做主语，花钱，pay for; cost物做主语，花钱
109. join, join in, take part in
join加入某个组织，并成为其中的一员；join in参加小型的活动, join sb. in；take part in 参加大型的活动 He joined the army five years ago.
110. learn, study
learn学习，侧重学习的结果，study学习，侧重学习的过程，研究
study the problem
111. want, hope, wish
want打算，想要，want to do, want sb. to do, hope希望（通常可以实现），hope to do/ hope that… wish希望（通常不能实现）wish (sb.) to do, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success.
112. discover, invent, find out
discover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西，invent发明本来不存在的物体，find out发现，查明 At last he found out the truth.
113. answer, reply
answer及物动词，reply不及物动词，后接 to reply to the letter
114. leave, leave for
leave离开，leave for前往 He left Beijing for Shanghai.
115. rob, steal
rob抢劫 rob sb. of sth.，steal偷 steal sth. from sb.
116. shoot, shoot at
shoot射死，shoot at瞄准，但不一定射中 He shot the bird and it died.
117. drop, fall
drop及物不及物均可，fall不及物动词 Prices fell/dropped. He dropped his voice.
118. search, search for
search后接地点，search for后接东西 He searched his pocket for money.
119. used to, be used to
used to过去常常，be used to习惯于，后接sth./doing sth.；被用来，后接 do sth. He is used to getting up early.
120. win, lose, beat
win后接sth.，反义词为lose, beat后接sb. win the game, beat them
121. live on, live by
live on以…为主食，live by靠…谋生 live on fish/ live by fishing
122. beat, hit, strike
beat连续性地击打；hit打中，对准打；strike打一下或若干下 beat the wings
123. meet, meet with
meet遇到，meet with体验到，遭遇到 meet with an accident
124. lose, miss
lose失去（具体的物体），错过 sth. is lost, lose the chance；miss 想念，错过sth. is missing, miss the chance
125. be tired of, be tired with/from
be tired of厌烦…，be tired with/from因为…而累了 be tired with/from running 800 meters
126. care about, care for
care about关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中；care for关心，照料，喜欢，愿意 He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies.
127. catch a cold, have a cold
catch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用，而have a cold可以
She has had a cold for a week.
128. change for, change into
change for调换成，change into变成 Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.
129. continue, last
二者均为持续，continue主动，被动均可，last只能用主动 The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.
130. feed, raise
feed喂养，养活，饲养 (to give food to)， raise饲养，养育 (cause to grow, bring up children) raise the family
131. go for a doctor, go to a doctor
go for a doctor去请医生，go to a doctor去看病
132. notice, observe, catch sight of
notice注意到，observe观察，仔细地看，catch sight of突然看到 observe the stars
133. insist on, stick to
insist on坚持要求，后常接doing, stick to坚持, 后常接sth. stick to the plan
134. look, seem, appear
look指从外表上看，seem指内心的判断，appear指给人以表面的印象 appear wise, look like his father
135. gather, collect
gather把分散的东西集中到一起， collect指精心地、有选择地进行收集 collect stamps
136. mean to do, mean doing
mean to do打算，想要做某事，mean doing意思是，意味着 By this I mean giving the students more practice.
137. die from, die of
die from表示死于（枪）伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of表示死于疾病，饥饿，寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素 die of hunger and cold
138. pay for, pay back, pay off
pay for为…付钱，pay back还钱，但不一定还清，pay off还清 pay for the book, pay off the debt
139. divide, separate
divide把一个整体分成几部分，separate把连在一起的个体分开 divide the apple, separate the houses
140. arrive, get, reach
arrive不及物动词，后接in (大地点)，at(小地点)，get不及物动词后接to，reach及物动词 arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing, reach Beijing
141. grow, plant
grow使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物 plant the trees, trees are growing
142. manage, try
manage to do设法做成了某事，try to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功 He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
143. choose, select
choose凭个人的判断力进行选择，select有目的地仔细认真地选择 choose the best answer
144. build, put up, set up, found
build一般用语，建成，put up临时搭建，set up建成（内部的设施基本齐全），found国家或组织的建成 put up a tent, set up a school
145. be familiar to, be familiar with
be familiar to某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with某人熟悉某物 The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
146. agree with, agree to, agree on
agree with同意某人，agree to同意某事，agree on在…上达成一致意见，主语是复数 agree with you, agree to the plan
147. throw to, throw at
throw to扔到…, throw at朝…扔 He throw a stone at me.
148. receive, accept
receive收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept接受 I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.
149. wear, put on, dress
wear和dress表状态,wear接衣服等,可用进行时，dress接人,be dressed in, put on表动作 It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes.
150. listen, hear
listen强调动作，hear强调结果 I listened, but I heard nothing.
151. look, see, watch
look看的动作，see看的结果，watch强调所看物体的变化、移动和发展watch TV
152. lie, lay
lie躺，位于(lay, lain),说谎(lied, lied)，lay平放(laid, laid) lay the book
153. work as, act as
work as工作是…，act as充当某种职务或身份，或扮演某种角色 He works as a teacher. He acts as an interpreter.
154. move, remove
move动一动，但不一定移走，remove从一处移到另一处 remove the table to the kitchen
